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An infinite sequence {a_i} of positive integers is called strongly independent if any relation sumepsilon_ia_i, with epsilon_i=0, +/-1, or +/-2 and epsilon_i=0 except ...

A subgroup is a subset H of group elements of a group G that satisfies the four group requirements. It must therefore contain the identity element. "H is a subgroup of G" is ...

Let h>=2 and let A_1, A_2, ..., A_h be sets of integers. The sumset A_1+A_2+...+A_h is the set of all integers of the form a_1+a_2+...+a_h, where a_i is a member of A_i for ...

A topological sort is a permutation p of the vertices of a graph such that an edge {i,j} implies that i appears before j in p (Skiena 1990, p. 208). Only acyclic digraphs can ...

A totative is a positive integer less than or equal to a number n which is also relatively prime to n, where 1 is counted as being relatively prime to all numbers. The number ...

A trail is a walk v_0, e_1, v_1, ..., v_k with no repeated edge. The length of a trail is its number of edges. A u,v-trail is a trail with first vertex u and last vertex v, ...

The transitive reduction of a binary relation R on a set X is the minimum relation R^' on X with the same transitive closure as R. Thus aR^'b for any elements a and b of X, ...

The 3-node tournament (and directed graph) illustrated above (Harary 1994, p. 205).

The set of all centroid points in a weighted tree (Harary 1994, p. 36).

Let a knot K be n-embeddable. Then its tunnel number is a knot invariant which is related to n.