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Fermat's last theorem is a theorem first proposed by Fermat in the form of a note scribbled in the margin of his copy of the ancient Greek text Arithmetica by Diophantus. The ...

The A graph is the graph on 6 vertices illustrated above. Unfortunately, at least one author (Farrugia 1999, p. 2) uses the term "A-graph" to refer to the 5-node bull graph. ...

The Alexander polynomial is a knot invariant discovered in 1923 by J. W. Alexander (Alexander 1928). The Alexander polynomial remained the only known knot polynomial until ...

The banner graph is the (4,1)-tadpole graph illustrated above. It could perhaps also be termed the 'P graph.' It is implemented in the Wolfram Language as ...

The Barnette-Bosák-Lederberg graph is a graph on 38 vertices which is the smallest known example of a planar 3-connected nonhamiltonian graph, i.e., the smallest known ...

The conjugate gradient method is not suitable for nonsymmetric systems because the residual vectors cannot be made orthogonal with short recurrences, as proved in Voevodin ...

A Boolean algebra is a mathematical structure that is similar to a Boolean ring, but that is defined using the meet and join operators instead of the usual addition and ...

The bull graph is a simple graph on 5 nodes and 5 edges whose name derives from its resemblance to a schematic illustration of a bull or ram (whose face is the triangle and ...

A busy beaver is an n-state, 2-color Turing machine which writes a maximum number Sigma(n) of 1s before halting (Rado 1962; Lin and Rado 1965; Shallit 1998). Alternatively, ...

The characteristic polynomial is the polynomial left-hand side of the characteristic equation det(A-lambdaI)=0, (1) where A is a square matrix and I is the identity matrix of ...