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Vector addition is the operation of adding two or more vectors together into a vector sum. The so-called parallelogram law gives the rule for vector addition of two or more ...

The universal cover of a connected topological space X is a simply connected space Y with a map f:Y->X that is a covering map. If X is simply connected, i.e., has a trivial ...

The partial order width of a set P is equal to the minimum number of chains needed to cover P. Equivalently, if a set P of ab+1 elements is partially ordered, then P contains ...

Let a^p+b^p=c^p be a solution to Fermat's last theorem. Then the corresponding Frey curve is y^2=x(x-a^p)(x+b^p). (1) Ribet (1990a) showed that such curves cannot be modular, ...

A matrix whose entries are all integers. Special cases which arise frequently are those having only (-1,1) as entries (e.g., Hadamard matrix), (0,1)-matrices having only ...

A particular solution to a differential equation corresponding to a specific value of the equation's free parameters. For example, the integral curves of the differential ...

An equilibrium minimal surface for a crystal or drop which has the least anisotropic surface free energy for a given volume. It is the anisotropic analog of a sphere. In the ...

Let A be a matrix and x and b vectors. Then the system Ax=b, x>=0 has no solution iff the system A^(T)y>=0, b^(T)y<0 has a solution, where y is a vector (Fang and Puthenpura ...

The correspondence which relates the Hanoi graph to the isomorphic graph of the odd binomial coefficients in Pascal's triangle, where the adjacencies are determined by ...

A collection of moves together with a corresponding set of weights which are followed probabilistically in the playing of a game. The minimax theorem of game theory states ...