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A rooted tree is a tree in which a special ("labeled") node is singled out. This node is called the "root" or (less commonly) "eve" of the tree. Rooted trees are equivalent ...

A repeated integral is an integral taken multiple times over a single variable (as distinguished from a multiple integral, which consists of a number of integrals taken with ...

The domino is the unique free (and one-sided) 2-polyomino consisting of two equal squares connected along a complete polygon edge. There are two fixed dominoes.

A requirement necessary for a given statement or theorem to hold. Also called a criterion.

Arrow's paradox, also called Arrow's impossibility theorem or the general possibility theorem, states that perfect democratic voting is impossible, not just in practice but ...

The rule (F,F=>G)/G, where => means "implies," which is the sole rule of inference in propositional calculus. This rule states that if each of F and F=>G is either an axiom ...

A type of mathematical result which is considered by most logicians as more natural than the metamathematical incompleteness results first discovered by Gödel. Finite ...

The statistical index P_H=(sumv_0)/(sum(v_0p_0)/(p_n))=(sump_0q_0)/(sum(p_0^2q_0)/(p_n)), where p_n is the price per unit in period n, q_n is the quantity produced in period ...

A module having dual properties with respect to a free module, as enumerated below. 1. Every free module is projective; every cofree module is injective. 2. For every module ...

One name for the figure used by Euclid to prove the Pythagorean theorem. It is sometimes also known as the "windmill."