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An ordinary knot in three dimensions suspended in four dimensions to create a knotted 2-sphere. Suspended knots are not smooth at the poles.

The symbol ∼ used to denote similarity, equivalence relations, or asymptosy.

The set of all centroid points in a weighted tree (Harary 1994, p. 36).

A group of three elements, also called a triad. A triple is therefore a 3-tuple.

Trisection is the division of a quantity, figure, etc. into three equal parts, i.e., k-multisection with k=3.

A horizontal line placed under a symbol to indicate some special property. Underscores are sometimes used instead of over-arrows or bold typeface to indicate a vector, for ...

Two quantities a and b which are not equal are said to be unequal, and this relationship can be denoted a!=b.

A quantity which takes on the value zero is said to vanish identically, or sometimes simply to vanish. The term "vanish identically" is preferred when emphasis is needed that ...

A horizontal line placed above multiple quantities to indicate that they form a unit. It is most commonly used to denote 1. A radical (sqrt(12345)), 2. Repeating decimals ...

A diagonal slash resembling the solidus, but with slightly less slant, used to denote division for in-line equations such as a/b, 1/(x-1)^2, etc.