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A functional is a real-valued function on a vector space V, usually of functions. For example, the energy functional on the unit disk D assigns a number to any differentiable ...

Let G be a simple connected graph, and take 0<=i<=d(G), where d(G) is the graph diameter. Then G has global parameters c_i (respectively a_i, b_i) if the number of vertices ...

For all n, there exists a k such that the kth term of the Goodstein sequence G_k(n)=0. In other words, every Goodstein sequence converges to 0. The secret underlying ...

A graceful permutation sigma on n letters is a permutation such that {|sigma(i)-sigma(i+1)|:i=1,2,...,n-1}={1,2,...,n-1}. For example, there are four graceful permutations on ...

The sum I over all internal (circular) nodes of the paths from the root of an extended binary tree to each node. For example, in the tree above, the internal path length is ...

The Ishango bone is the oldest known object containing logical carvings. It was discovered in the Congo, and has been dated to be 22000 years old. The middle column of marks ...

Let S(T) be the group of symmetries which map a monohedral tiling T onto itself. The transitivity class of a given tile T is then the collection of all tiles to which T can ...

An operation on a knot or link diagram which preserves its crossing number. Thistlethwaite used 13 different moves in generating a list of 16-crossing alternating knots ...

The mathematical study of knots. Knot theory considers questions such as the following: 1. Given a tangled loop of string, is it really knotted or can it, with enough ...

Throughout abstract algebra, the term "magma" is most often used as a synonym of the more antiquated term "groupoid," referring to a set equipped with a binary operator. The ...