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A subfield which is strictly smaller than the field in which it is contained. The field of rationals Q is a proper subfield of the field of real numbers R which, in turn, is ...

The Prosthaphaeresis formulas, also known as Simpson's formulas, are trigonometry formulas that convert a product of functions into a sum or difference. They are given by ...

An encoding which provides a bijection between the n^(n-2) labeled trees on n nodes and strings of n-2 integers chosen from an alphabet of the numbers 1 to n. A labeled tree ...

A simple closed curve on a sphere that is not necessarily a great circle but merely intersects as a great circle would (Billera et al. 1999).

A pseudoforest is an undirected graph in which every connected component contains at most one graph cycle. A pseudotree is therefore a connected pseudoforest and a forest ...

A pseudograph is a non-simple graph in which both graph loops and multiple edges are permitted (Zwillinger 2003, p. 220).

A pseudoinverse is a matrix inverse-like object that may be defined for a complex matrix, even if it is not necessarily square. For any given complex matrix, it is possible ...

A typical vector (i.e., a vector such as the radius vector r) is transformed to its negative under inversion of its coordinate axes. Such "proper" vectors are known as polar ...

For a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of the products of the two pairs of opposite sides equals the product of the diagonals AB×CD+BC×DA=AC×BD (1) (Kimberling 1998, p. 223). ...

A type of cryptography in which the encoding key is revealed without compromising the encoded message. The two best-known methods are the knapsack problem and RSA encryption.