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The number of ways to arrange n distinct objects along a fixed (i.e., cannot be picked up out of the plane and turned over) circle is P_n=(n-1)!. The number is (n-1)! instead ...

All closed surfaces, despite their seemingly diverse forms, are topologically equivalent to spheres with some number of handles or cross-caps. The traditional proof follows ...

The extangents triangle is homothetic to the orthic triangle, and its homothetic center is known as the Clawson point, or sometimes the "crucial point." It has equivalent ...

A notation used to describe curves. The fundamental principle of Clebsch-Aronhold notation states that if each of a number of forms be replaced by a power of a linear form in ...

There are several equivalent definitions of a closed set. Let S be a subset of a metric space. A set S is closed if 1. The complement of S is an open set, 2. S is its own set ...

Given a factor a of a number n=ab, the cofactor of a is b=n/a. A different type of cofactor, sometimes called a cofactor matrix, is a signed version of a minor M_(ij) defined ...

The colon is the symbol ":". It is used in a number of different ways in mathematics. 1. To denote ratio or odds, as in 2:1 (voiced "two to one"). 2. To mean such that in ...

Let m(G) be the cycle rank of a graph G, m^*(G) be the cocycle rank, and the relative complement G-H of a subgraph H of G be defined as that subgraph obtained by deleting the ...

A polyhedral graph is completely regular if the dual graph is also regular. There are only five types. Let rho be the number of graph edges at each node, rho^* the number of ...

A complex manifold is a manifold M whose coordinate charts are open subsets of C^n and the transition functions between charts are holomorphic functions. Naturally, a complex ...