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The normal vector, often simply called the "normal," to a surface is a vector which is perpendicular to the surface at a given point. When normals are considered on closed ...

The rhombic triacontahedron is a zonohedron which is the dual polyhedron of the icosidodecahedron A_4 (Holden 1971, p. 55). It is Wenninger dual W_(12). It is composed of 30 ...

The Ablowitz-Ramani-Segur conjecture states that a nonlinear partial differential equation is solvable by the inverse scattering method only if every nonlinear ordinary ...

A two-dimensional affine geometry constructed over a finite field. For a field F of size n, the affine plane consists of the set of points which are ordered pairs of elements ...

Arc length is defined as the length along a curve, s=int_gamma|dl|, (1) where dl is a differential displacement vector along a curve gamma. For example, for a circle of ...

An Argand diagram is a plot of complex numbers as points z=x+iy in the complex plane using the x-axis as the real axis and y-axis as the imaginary axis. In the plot above, ...

The circumcircle of an ellipse, i.e., the circle whose center concurs with that of the ellipse and whose radius is equal to the ellipse's semimajor axis.

A B-spline is a generalization of the Bézier curve. Let a vector known as the knot vector be defined T={t_0,t_1,...,t_m}, (1) where T is a nondecreasing sequence with t_i in ...

The bicorn, sometimes also called the "cocked hat curve" (Cundy and Rollett 1989, p. 72), is the name of a collection of quartic curves studied by Sylvester in 1864 and ...

The bifoliate is the quartic curve given by the Cartesian equation x^4+y^4=2axy^2 (1) and the polar equation r=(8costhetasin^2theta)/(3+cos(4theta))a (2) for theta in [0,pi]. ...