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A set of residues {a_1,a_2,...,a_(k+1)} (mod n) such that every nonzero residue can be uniquely expressed in the form a_i-a_j. Examples include {1,2,4} (mod 7) and {1,2,5,7} ...

A perfect field is a field F such that every algebraic extension is separable. Any field in field characteristic zero, such as the rationals or the p-adics, or any finite ...

A class of game in which players move alternately and each player is completely informed of previous moves. Finite, zero-sum, two-player games with perfect information ...

The term perfect square is used to refer to a square number, a perfect square dissection, or a factorable quadratic polynomial of the form a^2+/-2ab+b^2=(a+/-b)^2.

The portion of a surface left when an open disk is removed from it.

The smallest radial distance of an ellipse as measured from a focus. Taking v=0 in the equation of an ellipse r=(a(1-e^2))/(1+ecosv) gives the periapsis distance r_-=a(1-e). ...

A characteristic of some systems making a transition to chaos. Doubling is followed by quadrupling, etc. An example of a map displaying period doubling is the logistic map.

A square matrix A such that the matrix power A^(k+1)=A for k a positive integer is called a periodic matrix. If k is the least such integer, then the matrix is said to have ...

A sequence {a_i} is said to be periodic with period p with if it satisfies a_i=a_(i+np) for n=1, 2, .... For example, {1,2,1,2,1,2,1,2,1,2,1,2,1,2,...} is a periodic sequence ...

A node in a graph for which the graph eccentricity equals the graph diameter (Harary 1994, p. 41).