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Amazingly, the distribution of a difference of two normally distributed variates X and Y with means and variances (mu_x,sigma_x^2) and (mu_y,sigma_y^2), respectively, is ...

Given a matrix equation Ax=b, the normal equation is that which minimizes the sum of the square differences between the left and right sides: A^(T)Ax=A^(T)b. It is called a ...

A square integrable function phi(t) is said to be normal if int[phi(t)]^2dt=1. However, the normal distribution function is also sometimes called "the normal function."

A line along a normal vector (i.e., perpendicular to some tangent line). If K subset R^d is a centrosymmetric set which has a twice differentiable boundary, then there are ...

The plane spanned by the normal vector N and the binormal vector B.

The distribution of a product of two normally distributed variates X and Y with zero means and variances sigma_x^2 and sigma_y^2 is given by P_(XY)(u) = ...

Let M subset R^3 be a regular surface and u_(p) a unit tangent vector to M, and let Pi(u_(p),N(p)) be the plane determined by u_(p) and the normal to the surface N(p). Then ...

The normalized vector of X is a vector in the same direction but with norm (length) 1. It is denoted X^^ and given by X^^=(X)/(|X|), where |X| is the norm of X. It is also ...

The north pole is the point on a sphere with maximum z-coordinate for a given coordinate system. For a rotating sphere like the Earth, the natural coordinate system is ...

Given a convex plane region with area A and perimeter p, A-1/2p<N<=A+1/2p+1, where N is the number of enclosed lattice points (Nosarzewska 1948). This improves on Jarnick's ...