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The difference between the measured or inferred value of a quantity x_0 and its actual value x, given by Deltax=x_0-x (sometimes with the absolute value taken) is called the ...

A formal mathematical theory which introduces "components at infinity" by defining a new type of divisor class group of integers of a number field. The divisor class group is ...

In general, an arrangement of objects is simply a grouping of them. The number of "arrangements" of n items is given either by a combination (order is ignored) or permutation ...

The number of ways in which a group of n with weights sum_(i=1)^(n)w_i=1 can change a losing coalition (one with sumw_i<1/2) to a winning one, or vice versa. It was proposed ...

A group having continuous group operations. A continuous group is necessarily infinite, since an infinite group just has to contain an infinite number of elements. But some ...

A degree set is a set of integers that make up a degree sequence. Any set of positive integers is the degree set for some graph, because any odd integer from that set can be ...

A puzzle in which one object is to be converted to another by making a finite number of cuts and reassembling it. The cuts are often, but not always, restricted to straight ...

Down arrow notation is an inverse of the Knuth up-arrow notation defined by evn = lnn (1) evvn = ln^*n (2) evvvn = ln^(**)n, (3) where ln^*n is the number of times the ...

Define the zeta function of a variety over a number field by taking the product over all prime ideals of the zeta functions of this variety reduced modulo the primes. Hasse ...

Let X be a metric space, A be a subset of X, and d a number >=0. The d-dimensional Hausdorff measure of A, H^d(A), is the infimum of positive numbers y such that for every ...