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In a plane, consider a sum of N two-dimensional vectors with random orientations. Use phasor notation, and let the phase of each vector be random. Assume N unit steps are ...

Let X be a normed space and X^(**)=(X^*)^* denote the second dual vector space of X. The canonical map x|->x^^ defined by x^^(f)=f(x),f in X^* gives an isometric linear ...

Let A be an involutive algebra over the field C of complex numbers with involution xi|->xi^♭. Then A is a right Hilbert algebra if A has an inner product <·,·> satisfying: 1. ...

The Sendov conjecture, proposed by Blagovest Sendov circa 1958, that for a polynomial f(z)=(z-r_1)(z-r_2)...(z-r_n) with n>=2 and each root r_k located inside the closed unit ...

Given a ring R with identity, the special linear group SL_n(R) is the group of n×n matrices with elements in R and determinant 1. The special linear group SL_n(q), where q is ...

In general, an unresolved nth root, commonly involving a radical symbol RadicalBox[x, n], is known as a surd. However, the term surd or "surd expression" (e.g., Hardy 1967, ...

Trigonometric functions of npi/13 for n an integer cannot be expressed in terms of sums, products, and finite root extractions on real rational numbers because 13 is not a ...

The trilogarithm Li_3(z), sometimes also denoted L_3, is special case of the polylogarithm Li_n(z) for n=3. Note that the notation Li_3(x) for the trilogarithm is ...

The twistor equation states that del _(A^')^((A)phi^(B...E))=0, where the parentheses denote symmetrization, in a Lorentz transformation, primed spinors transform under the ...

Given an n-dimensional vector x=[x_1; x_2; |; x_n], (1) a general vector norm |x|, sometimes written with a double bar as ||x||, is a nonnegative norm defined such that 1. ...