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A set of curves whose equations are of the same form but which have different values assigned to one or more parameters in the equations. Families of curves arise, for ...

The closed plane curve that crosses itself once and consists of one lobe on each side of the intersection. It can be viewed as a circle with a half twist. The fundamental ...

Let M^n be an n-manifold and let F={F_alpha} denote a partition of M into disjoint pathwise-connected subsets. Then if F is a foliation of M, each F_alpha is called a leaf ...

A closed embedded smooth plane curve has at least four vertices, where a vertex is defined as an extremum of curvature.

A closed curve associated with a knot which is displaced along the normal by a small amount. For a knot K parameterized as x^mu(s) for 0<=s<=L along the length of the knot by ...

Two closed simply connected 4-manifolds are homeomorphic iff they have the same bilinear form beta and the same Kirby-Siebenmann invariant kappa. Any beta can be realized by ...

If a sequence of double points is passed as a closed curve is traversed, each double point appears once in an even place and once in an odd place.

The Gelfand-Naimark theorem states that each C^*-algebra is isometrically *-isomorphic to a closed *-subalgebra of the algebra B(H) consisting of all bounded operators acting ...

The geometric span is largest possible distance between two points drawn from a finite set of points. It is therefore closely related to the generalized diameter of a closed ...

A disk D in a solid torus V=S^1×D^2 is called meridinal if its boundary is a nontrivial curve in del V (so that it is a meridian). Then a closed subset X subset V is called ...