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The triangle transformation principle gives rules for transforming equations involving an incircle to equations about excircles.

A polynomial is called unimodal if the sequence of its coefficients is unimodal. If P(x) is log-convex and Q(x) is unimodal, then P(x)Q(x) is unimodal.

A disk with radius 1. The (open) unit disk can also be considered to be the region in the complex plane defined by {z:|z|<1}, where |z| denotes the complex modulus. (The ...

A sphere of radius 1.

A square with side lengths 1. The unit square usually means the one with coordinates (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1) in the real plane, or 0, 1, 1+i, and i in the complex ...

Let (K,|·|) be a non-Archimedean field. Its valuation ring R is defined to be R={x in K:|x|<=1}. The valuation ring has maximal ideal M={x in K:|x|<1}, and the field R/M is ...

The depth of a vertex v in a rooted tree as the number of edges from v to the root vertex. A function to return the depth of a vertex v in a tree g may be implemented in a ...

The vertex height of a vertex v in a rooted tree is the number of edges on the longest downward path between v and a tree leaf. The height of the root vertex of a rooted tree ...

Solution of a system of second-order homogeneous ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients of the form (d^2x)/(dt^2)+bx=0, where b is a positive definite ...

Every odd integer n is a prime or the sum of three primes. This problem is closely related to Vinogradov's theorem.