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Let A be a relational system, and let L be a language which is appropriate for A. Let phi be a well-formed formula of L, and let s be a valuation in A. Then A|=_sphi is ...

The Shaw Prizes are $1 million cash awards offered annually by Run Run Shaw (b. 1907), a longtime movie and television producer. There are prizes for astronomy, life science ...

Consider a formula in prenex normal form, Q_1x_1...Q_nx_nN. If Q_i is the existential quantifier (1<=i<=n) and x_k, ..., x_m are all the universal quantifier variables such ...

Twenty golfers wish to play in foursomes for 5 days. Is it possible for each golfer to play no more than once with any other golfer? The answer is yes, and the following ...

A variety V of algebras is a strong variety provided that for each subvariety W of V, and each algebra A in V, if A is generated by its W- subalgebras, then A in W. In strong ...

Let L be a language of the first-order logic. Assume that the language L has the following sets of nonlogical symbols: 1. C is the set of constant symbols of L. (These are ...

In nonstandard analysis, the limitation to first-order analysis can be avoided by using a construction known as a superstructure. Superstructures are constructed in the ...

In the tabu search category of meta-heuristics, the essential idea is to 'forbid' search moves to points already visited in the (usually discrete) search space, at least for ...

Term rewriting systems are reduction systems in which rewrite rules apply to terms. Terms are built up from variables and constants using function symbols (or operations). ...

The tetranacci constant is ratio to which adjacent tetranacci numbers tend, and is given by T = (x^4-x^3-x^2-x-1)_2 (1) = 1.92756... (2) (OEIS A086088), where (P(x))_n ...