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A specification of elements in a list as a list of pairs giving the element and number of times it occurs in a run. For example, given the list ...

A knot which tightens around an object when strained but slackens when the strain is removed. Running knots are sometimes also known as slip knots or nooses.

Given a sequence of values {a_k}_(k=1)^n, the running maxima are the sequence of values {max(a_1,...,a_k)}_(k=1)^n. So, for example, given a sequence (3,5,7,8,8,5,7,9,2,5), ...

The Rutherford constant is a mathematical constant that arises in plasma physics and is defined by K_R = sqrt(2)int_(-1)^infty([R(x)]^2)/(S[x])dx (1) = 0.8227..., (2) where ...

Let m and m+h be two consecutive critical indices of f and let F be (m+h)-normal. If the polynomials p^~_k^((n)) are defined by p^~_0^((n))(u) = 1 (1) p^~_(k+1)^((n))(u) = ...

Specifying two sides and the angle between them uniquely (up to geometric congruence) determines a triangle. Let c be the base length and h be the height. Then the area is ...

Specifying three sides uniquely determines a triangle whose area is given by Heron's formula, K=sqrt(s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)), (1) where s=1/2(a+b+c) (2) is the semiperimeter of the ...

The perpendicular distance h from an arc's midpoint to the chord across it, equal to the radius R minus the apothem r, h=R-r. (1) For a regular polygon of side length a, h = ...

A Greek cross rotated by 45 degrees, also called the crux decussata, illustrated schematically above in polyomino form. The multiplication sign × is based on Saint Andrew's ...

A cross also called the tau cross or crux commissa, illustrated schematically above in polyomino form.