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A relation between permutations p and q that exists if there is a sequence of transpositions such that each transposition increases the number of inversions (Stanton and ...

The number of elements greater than i to the left of i in a permutation gives the ith element of the inversion vector (Skiena 1990, p. 27).

A square matrix A such that A^2=I, where I is the identity matrix. An involutory matrix is its own matrix inverse.

A submodule N of a module M that is not the intersection of two submodules of M in which it is properly contained. In other words, for all submodules N_1 and N_2 of M, N=N_1 ...

Given a general second tensor rank tensor A_(ij) and a metric g_(ij), define theta = A_(ij)g^(ij)=A_i^i (1) omega^i = epsilon^(ijk)A_(jk) (2) sigma_(ij) = ...

In a 1847 talk to the Académie des Sciences in Paris, Gabriel Lamé (1795-1870) claimed to have proven Fermat's last theorem. However, Joseph Liouville immediately pointed out ...

Let A be a unital C^*-algebra, then an element u in A is called an isometry if u^*u=1.

Let A = [B D; E C] (1) A^(-1) = [W X; Y Z], (2) where B and W are k×k matrices. Then det(Z)det(A)=det(B). (3) The proof follows from equating determinants on the two sides of ...

Let A be a matrix with the elementary divisors of its characteristic matrix expressed as powers of its irreducible polynomials in the field F[lambda], and consider an ...

A framework is called "just rigid" if it is rigid, but ceases to be so when any single bar is removed. Lamb (1928, pp. 93-94) proved that a necessary (but not sufficient) ...