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Let a sequence {a_i}_(i=1)^infty be strictly increasing and composed of nonnegative integers. Call A(x) the number of terms not exceeding x. Then the density is given by ...

For a set S, the span is defined by maxS-minS, where max is the maximum and min is the minimum.

An operator T which commutes with all shift operators E^a, so TE^a=E^aT for all real a in a field. Any two shift-invariant operators commute.

An operator E such that E^ap(x)=p(x+a).

Let f(1)=1, and let f(n) be the number of occurrences of n in a nondecreasing sequence of integers. then the first few values of f(n) are 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, ... ...

A local source is a node of a directed graph with no entering edges (Borowski and Borwein 1991, p. 401; left figure), and a global source (often simply called a source) is a ...

A graphical partitioning based on the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Laplacian matrix of a graph.

A polynomial which is not necessarily an invariant of a link. It is related to the dichroic polynomial. It is defined by the skein relationship ...

A stack F on a topological space X is said to be a stack of groupoids if for each open subset U subset= X, the category F(U) is a groupoid.

Let P be a prime ideal in D_m not containing m. Then (Phi(P))=P^(sumtsigma_t^(-1)), where the sum is over all 1<=t<m which are relatively prime to m. Here D_m is the ring of ...