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A relation "<=" is a partial order on a set S if it has: 1. Reflexivity: a<=a for all a in S. 2. Antisymmetry: a<=b and b<=a implies a=b. 3. Transitivity: a<=b and b<=c ...

The theory of natural numbers defined by the five Peano's axioms. Paris and Harrington (1977) gave the first "natural" example of a statement which is true for the integers ...

The Pell polynomials P(x) are the W-polynomials generated by the Lucas polynomial sequence using the generator p(x)=2x, q(x)=1. This gives recursive equations for P(x) from ...

The pentagonal orthocupolarotunda is a convex equilateral solid that is Johnson solid J_(32). The unit pentagonal orthocupolarotunda has volume V=1/3(5+4sqrt(5)) (1) and Dehn ...

The pentagonal prism is a prism having two pentagonal bases and five rectangular sides. It is a heptahedron. The regular right pentagonal prism is uniform polyhedron U_(76). ...

A polyhedral graph on five nodes. There are two topologically distinct pentahedral graphs which, through duality, correspond to the skeletons of the square pyramid (left ...

A perfect ruler also called a complete ruler, is type of ruler considered by Guy (1994) which has k distinct marks spaced such that the distances between marks can be used to ...

For a permutation alpha in the symmetric group S_p, the alpha-permutation graph of a labeled graph G is the graph union of two disjoint copies of G (say, G_1 and G_2), ...

A permutation matrix is a matrix obtained by permuting the rows of an n×n identity matrix according to some permutation of the numbers 1 to n. Every row and column therefore ...

A vector perpendicular to a given vector a is a vector a^_|_ (voiced "a-perp") such that a and a^_|_ form a right angle. In the plane, there are two vectors perpendicular to ...