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The game of nim appearing in Alain Resnais' film Last Year at Marienbad (L'année dernière à Marienbad, 1961). In Marienbad, two players alternately draw counters from one of ...

The fundamental theorem of game theory which states that every finite, zero-sum, two-person game has optimal mixed strategies. It was proved by John von Neumann in 1928. ...

The ratio X/Y of independent normally distributed variates with zero mean is distributed with a Cauchy distribution. This can be seen as follows. Let X and Y both have mean 0 ...

A Banach space X is called prime if each infinite-dimensional complemented subspace of X is isomorphic to X (Lindenstrauss and Tzafriri 1977). Pełczyński (1960) proved that ...

Given an integer sequence {a_n}_(n=1)^infty, a prime number p is said to be a primitive prime factor of the term a_n if p divides a_n but does not divide any a_m for m<n. It ...

A random variable is a measurable function from a probability space (S,S,P) into a measurable space (S^',S^') known as the state space (Doob 1996). Papoulis (1984, p. 88) ...

A separable extension K of a field F is one in which every element's algebraic number minimal polynomial does not have multiple roots. In other words, the minimal polynomial ...

A sparse matrix is a matrix that allows special techniques to take advantage of the large number of "background" (commonly zero) elements. The number of zeros a matrix needs ...

A standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with zero mean (mu=0) and unit variance (sigma^2=1), given by the probability density function and distribution ...

A strongly binary tree is a rooted tree for which the root is adjacent to either zero or two vertices, and all non-root vertices are adjacent to either one or three vertices ...