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The constant e is base of the natural logarithm. e is sometimes known as Napier's constant, although its symbol (e) honors Euler. e is the unique number with the property ...

Conway games were introduced by J. H. Conway in 1976 to provide a formal structure for analyzing games satisfying certain requirements: 1. There are two players, Left and ...

The simplest class of one-dimensional cellular automata. Elementary cellular automata have two possible values for each cell (0 or 1), and rules that depend only on nearest ...

A toroidal polyhedron is a polyhedron with genus g>=1 (i.e., one having one or more holes). Examples of toroidal polyhedra include the Császár polyhedron and Szilassi ...

A formula for numerical integration, (1) where C_(2n) = sum_(i=0)^(n)f_(2i)cos(tx_(2i))-1/2[f_(2n)cos(tx_(2n))+f_0cos(tx_0)] (2) C_(2n-1) = ...

If there exists a one-to-one correspondence between two subgroups and subfields such that G(E(G^')) = G^' (1) E(G(E^')) = E^', (2) then E is said to have a Galois theory. A ...

König's line coloring theorem states that the edge chromatic number of any bipartite graph equals its maximum vertex degree. In other words, every bipartite graph is a class ...

A Lindenmayer system, also known as an L-system, is a string rewriting system that can be used to generate fractals with dimension between 1 and 2. Several example fractals ...

The word residue is used in a number of different contexts in mathematics. Two of the most common uses are the complex residue of a pole, and the remainder of a congruence. ...

The special orthogonal group SO_n(q) is the subgroup of the elements of general orthogonal group GO_n(q) with determinant 1. SO_3 (often written SO(3)) is the rotation group ...