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If a and n are relatively prime so that the greatest common divisor GCD(a,n)=1, then a^(lambda(n))=1 (mod n), where lambda is the Carmichael function.

f(x)=1/x-|_1/x_| for x in [0,1], where |_x_| is the floor function. The natural invariant of the map is rho(y)=1/((1+y)ln2).

For a countable set of n disjoint events E_1, E_2, ..., E_n P( union _(i=1)^nE_i)=sum_(i=1)^nP(E_i).

The second-order ordinary differential equation y^('')+[(alphaeta)/(1+eta)+(betaeta)/((1+eta)^2)+gamma]y=0, where eta=e^(deltax).

The series sumf(n) for a monotonic nonincreasing f(x) is convergent if lim_(x->infty)^_(e^xf(e^x))/(f(x))<1 and divergent if lim_(x->infty)__(e^xf(e^x))/(f(x))>1.

A transformation from one reference frame to another moving with a constant velocity v with respect to the first for classical motion. However, special relativity shows that ...

Let A=a_(ik) be an arbitrary n×n nonsingular matrix with real elements and determinant |A|, then |A|^2<=product_(i=1)^n(sum_(k=1)^na_(ik)^2).

A fraction p/q>=1. A fraction with p/q<1 is called a proper fraction. Therefore, the special cases 1/1, 2/2, 3/3, etc. are generally considered to be improper.

The indefinite summation operator Delta^(-1) for discrete variables, is the equivalent of integration for continuous variables. If DeltaY(x)=y(x), then Delta^(-1)y(x)=Y(x).

The continued fraction ((x+1)^n-(x-1)^n)/((x+1)^n+(x-1)^n)=n/(x+)(n^2-1)/(3x+)(n^2-2^2)/(5x+...).