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An operator T which commutes with all shift operators E^a, so TE^a=E^aT for all real a in a field. Any two shift-invariant operators commute.

An operator E such that E^ap(x)=p(x+a).

The Japanese variant of the game of chess. Shogi is played on a 9×9 uncheckered board, and each player begins with 20 pieces: one king, one rook, one bishop, two gold ...

A shortest path between two vertices of a graph is a graph path of shortest possible length between them. Such paths are also known as graph geodesics, and the matrix giving ...

Let v(G) be the number of vertices in a graph G and h(G) the length of the maximum cycle in G. Then the shortness exponent of a class of graphs G is defined by sigma(G)=lim ...

A method for constructing magic squares of odd order, also called de la Loubere's method.

A pair of dice which have the same odds for throwing every number as a normal pair of 6-sided dice. They are the only such alternate arrangement if face values are required ...

The integral int_0^thetae^(-xsecphi)dphi.

The property intf(y)delta(x-y)dy=f(x) obeyed by the delta function delta(x).

The signed deviation is defined by Deltau_i=(u_i-u^_), so the average deviation is Deltau^_=u_i-u^_^_=u_i^_-u^_=0.