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The divisor function sigma_k(n) for n an integer is defined as the sum of the kth powers of the (positive integer) divisors of n, sigma_k(n)=sum_(d|n)d^k. (1) It is ...

A means of describing how one state develops into another state over the course of time. Technically, a dynamical system is a smooth action of the reals or the integers on ...

An epsilon-delta definition is a mathematical definition in which a statement on a real function of one variable f having, for example, the form "for all neighborhoods U of ...

A proof of a formula on limits based on the epsilon-delta definition. An example is the following proof that every linear function f(x)=ax+b (a,b in R,a!=0) is continuous at ...

The Euler infinity point is the intersection of the Euler line and line at infinity. Since it lies on the line at infinity, it is a point at infinity. It has triangle center ...

Euler integration was defined by Schanuel and subsequently explored by Rota, Chen, and Klain. The Euler integral of a function f:R->R (assumed to be piecewise-constant with ...

A special case of the Artin L-function for the polynomial x^2+1. It is given by L(s)=product_(p odd prime)1/(1-chi^-(p)p^(-s)), (1) where chi^-(p) = {1 for p=1 (mod 4); -1 ...

Define the Euler measure of a polyhedral set as the Euler integral of its indicator function. It is easy to show by induction that the Euler measure of a closed bounded ...

A differential evolution method used to minimize functions of real variables. Evolution strategies are significantly faster at numerical optimization than traditional genetic ...

The radical circle of the excircles has center at the Spieker center X_(10) and radius R_E=1/2sqrt((a^2b+ab^2+a^2c+abc+b^2c+ac^2+bc^2)/(a+b+c)). Its circle function is ...