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An inverse permutation is a permutation in which each number and the number of the place which it occupies are exchanged. For example, p_1 = {3,8,5,10,9,4,6,1,7,2} (1) p_2 = ...

A ket |psi> is a vector living in a dual vector space to that containing bras <psi|. Bras and kets are commonly encountered in quantum mechanics. Bras and kets can be ...

If any set of points is displaced by X^idx_i where all distance relationships are unchanged (i.e., there is an isometry), then the vector field is called a Killing vector. ...

The "mathematical paradigm" is a term that may be applied to the fundamental idea that events in the world can be described by mathematical equations, and that solutions to ...

The monster group is the highest order sporadic group M. It has group order |M| = (1) = (2) where the divisors are precisely the 15 supersingular primes (Ogg 1980). The ...

Ore algebra is an algebra of noncommutative polynomials representing linear operators for functional equations such as linear differential or difference equations. Ore ...

Given any set B, the associated pair groupoid is the set B×B with the maps alpha(a,b)=a and beta(a,b)=b, and multiplication (a,b)·(b,c)=(a,c). The inverse is ...

A partially ordered set (or poset) is a set taken together with a partial order on it. Formally, a partially ordered set is defined as an ordered pair P=(X,<=), where X is ...

An n-persistent number is a positive integer k which contains the digits 0, 1, ..., 9 (i.e., is a pandigital number), and for which 2k, ..., nk also share this property. No ...

A theory of constructing initial conditions that provides safe convergence of a numerical root-finding algorithm for an equation f(z)=0. Point estimation theory treats ...