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In this illusion, the vertical lines in the above figure are parallel, but appear to be tilted at an angle. In 1860, F. Zöllner sent his discovery in a letter to physicist ...

The surface area of a spherical segment. Call the radius of the sphere R, the upper and lower radii b and a, respectively, and the height of the spherical segment h. The zone ...

The method of d'Alembert provides a solution to the one-dimensional wave equation (partial^2y)/(partialx^2)=1/(c^2)(partial^2y)/(partialt^2) (1) that models vibrations of a ...

The base 2 method of counting in which only the digits 0 and 1 are used. In this base, the number 1011 equals 1·2^0+1·2^1+0·2^2+1·2^3=11. This base is used in computers, ...

A cubic symmetric graph is a symmetric cubic (i.e., regular of order 3). Such graphs were first studied by Foster (1932). They have since been the subject of much interest ...

The Feigenbaum constant delta is a universal constant for functions approaching chaos via period doubling. It was discovered by Feigenbaum in 1975 (Feigenbaum 1979) while ...

A Haar graph H(n) is a bipartite regular indexed by a positive integer and obtained by a simple binary encoding of cyclically adjacent vertices. Haar graphs may be connected ...

Given a group of n men arranged in a circle under the edict that every mth man will be executed going around the circle until only one remains, find the position L(n,m) in ...

The Möbius function is a number theoretic function defined by mu(n)={0 if n has one or more repeated prime factors; 1 if n=1; (-1)^k if n is a product of k distinct primes, ...

A number is said to be squarefree (or sometimes quadratfrei; Shanks 1993) if its prime decomposition contains no repeated factors. All primes are therefore trivially ...