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A surface of revolution which is generalization of the ring torus. It is produced by rotating an ellipse having horizontal semi-axis a, vertical semi-axis b, embedded in the ...

The elongated pentagonal gyrobirotunda is a convex equilateral gyrobirotunda having regular pentagonal upper and lower birotundas arranged rotated 1/10 of a turn with respect ...

The elongated pentagonal orthobirotunda is a convex equilateral orthobirotunda having regular pentagonal upper and lower rotundas arranged symmetrically with respect to each ...

The distance d(u,v) between two vertices u and v of a finite graph is the minimum length of the paths connecting them (i.e., the length of a graph geodesic). If no such path ...

The Hammer-Aitoff equal-area projection, also called the Hammer projection, is a map projection that is a modification of the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection. It ...

A regular two-dimensional arrangement of squares separated by vertical and horizontal "canals." Looking at the grid produces the illusion of gray spots in the white area ...

The inverse function of the Gudermannian y=gd^(-1)phi gives the vertical position y in the Mercator projection in terms of the latitude phi and may be defined for 0<=x<pi/2 ...

A path composed of connected horizontal and vertical line segments, each passing between adjacent lattice points. A lattice path is therefore a sequence of points P_0, P_1, ...

An optical illusion in which the orientation of arrowheads makes one line segment look longer than another. In the above figure, the line segments on the left and right are ...

The orthographic projection is a projection from infinity that preserves neither area nor angle. It is given by x = cosphisin(lambda-lambda_0) (1) y = ...