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Let A be a matrix and x and b vectors. Then the system Ax=b, x>=0 has no solution iff the system A^(T)y>=0, b^(T)y<0 has a solution, where y is a vector (Fang and Puthenpura ...

An algebraic ring which appears in treatments of duality in algebraic geometry. Let A be a local Artinian ring with m subset A its maximal ideal. Then A is a Gorenstein ring ...

A geodesic triangle with oriented boundary yields a curve which is piecewise differentiable. Furthermore, the tangent vector varies continuously at all but the three corner ...

A left eigenvector is defined as a row vector X_L satisfying X_LA=lambda_LX_L. In many common applications, only right eigenvectors (and not left eigenvectors) need be ...

A right eigenvector is defined as a column vector X_R satisfying AX_R=lambda_RX_R. In many common applications, only right eigenvectors (and not left eigenvectors) need be ...

Strong convergence is the type of convergence usually associated with convergence of a sequence. More formally, a sequence {x_n} of vectors in a normed space (and, in ...

Let f be a function defined on a set A and taking values in a set B. Then f is said to be a surjection (or surjective map) if, for any b in B, there exists an a in A for ...

The four parameters e_0, e_1, e_2, and e_3 describing a finite rotation about an arbitrary axis. The Euler parameters are defined by e_0 = cos(phi/2) (1) e = [e_1; e_2; e_3] ...

A functor is said to be faithful if it is injective on maps. This does not necessarily imply injectivity on objects. For example, the forgetful functor from the category of ...

The Lorentz group is the group L of time-preserving linear isometries of Minkowski space R^((3,1)) with the Minkowski metric dtau^2=-(dx^0)^2+(dx^1)^2+(dx^2)^2+(dx^3)^2 ...