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Let a knot K be parameterized by a vector function v(t) with t in S^1, and let w be a fixed unit vector in R^3. Count the number of local minima of the projection function ...

A linear system of equations is a set of n linear equations in k variables (sometimes called "unknowns"). Linear systems can be represented in matrix form as the matrix ...

A subset {v_1,...,v_k} of a vector space V, with the inner product <,>, is called orthogonal if <v_i,v_j>=0 when i!=j. That is, the vectors are mutually perpendicular. Note ...

In functional analysis, the Banach-Alaoglu theorem (also sometimes called Alaoglu's theorem) is a result which states that the norm unit ball of the continuous dual X^* of a ...

A topological algebra is a pair (A,tau), where A=(A,(f_i^A)_(i in I)) is an algebra and each of the operations f_i^A is continuous in the product topology. Examples of ...

A bilinear form on a real vector space is a function b:V×V->R that satisfies the following axioms for any scalar alpha and any choice of vectors v,w,v_1,v_2,w_1, and w_2. 1. ...

A Hermitian metric on a complex vector bundle assigns a Hermitian inner product to every fiber bundle. The basic example is the trivial bundle pi:U×C^k->U, where U is an open ...

Given a plane ax+by+cz+d=0 (1) and a point x_0=(x_0,y_0,z_0), the normal vector to the plane is given by v=[a; b; c], (2) and a vector from the plane to the point is given by ...

For a scalar function f over a surface parameterized by u and v, the surface integral is given by Phi = int_Sfda (1) = int_Sf(u,v)|T_uxT_v|dudv, (2) where T_u and T_v are ...

In the biconjugate gradient method, the residual vector r^((i)) can be regarded as the product of r^((0)) and an ith degree polynomial in A, i.e., r^((i))=P_i(A)r^((0)). (1) ...