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Probability and Statistics

The Spencer-Brown form is a simple mathematical concept that formalizes what a mathematical object is formally identical to what it is not (Spencer-Brown 1997, pp. ix and ...

The Gaussian integral, also called the probability integral and closely related to the erf function, is the integral of the one-dimensional Gaussian function over ...

Long multiplication is the method of multiplication that is commonly taught to elementary school students throughout the world. It can be used on two numbers of arbitrarily ...

A field K is said to be an extension field (or field extension, or extension), denoted K/F, of a field F if F is a subfield of K. For example, the complex numbers are an ...

A function is a relation that uniquely associates members of one set with members of another set. More formally, a function from A to B is an object f such that every a in A ...

The gnomon was an L-shaped movable sundial used for astronomical studies. It operated by resting on one leg so that the other pointed vertically upward. By measuring the ...

If f(z) is analytic throughout the annular region between and on the concentric circles K_1 and K_2 centered at z=a and of radii r_1 and r_2<r_1 respectively, then there ...

For every dimension n>0, the orthogonal group O(n) is the group of n×n orthogonal matrices. These matrices form a group because they are closed under multiplication and ...

The word "surface" is an important term in mathematics and is used in many ways. The most common and straightforward use of the word is to denote a two-dimensional ...