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The pedal curve of circle involute f = cost+tsint (1) g = sint-tcost (2) with the center as the pedal point is the Archimedes' spiral x = tsint (3) y = -tcost. (4)

In the plane, a closed curve is a curve with no endpoints and which completely encloses an area.

An n-dimensional closed disk of radius r is the collection of points of distance <=r from a fixed point in n-dimensional Euclidean space. Krantz (1999, p. 3) uses the symbol ...

Two complex numbers z=x+iy and z^'=x^'+iy^' are added together componentwise, z+z^'=(x+x^')+i(y+y^'). In component form, (x,y)+(x^',y^')=(x+x^',y+y^') (Krantz 1999, p. 1).

A derivative of a complex function, which must satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations in order to be complex differentiable.

The conditional probability of an event A assuming that B has occurred, denoted P(A|B), equals P(A|B)=(P(A intersection B))/(P(B)), (1) which can be proven directly using a ...

f(x)=1/x-|_1/x_| for x in [0,1], where |_x_| is the floor function. The natural invariant of the map is rho(y)=1/((1+y)ln2).

The space of continuously differentiable functions is denoted C^1, and corresponds to the k=1 case of a C-k function.

The usual type of vector, which can be viewed as a contravariant tensor ("ket") of tensor rank 1. Contravariant vectors are dual to one-forms ("bras," a.k.a. covariant ...

The envelope of refracted rays for a given curve.