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A function H that maps an arbitrary length message M to a fixed length message digest MD is a collision-free hash function if 1. It is a one-way hash function. 2. It is hard ...

The metric properties discovered for a primitive figure remain applicable, without modifications other than changes of signs, to all correlative figures which can be ...

A standard form of the linear programming problem of maximizing a linear function over a convex polyhedron is to maximize c·x subject to mx<=b and x>=0, where m is a given ...

An unsolvable problem in logic dating back to the ancient Greeks and quoted, for example, by German philosopher Carl von Prantl (1855). The dilemma consists of a crocodile ...

A 3-cusped hypocycloid, also called a tricuspoid. The deltoid was first considered by Euler in 1745 in connection with an optical problem. It was also investigated by Steiner ...

Elementary number theory is the branch of number theory in which elementary methods (i.e., arithmetic, geometry, and high school algebra) are used to solve equations with ...

A theorem stating the existence of an object, such as the solution to a problem or equation. Strictly speaking, it need not tell how many such objects there are, nor give ...

Let there be m doctors and n<=m patients, and let all mn possible combinations of examinations of patients by doctors take place. Then what is the minimum number of surgical ...

Let V(G) be the vertex set of a simple graph and E(G) its edge set. Then a graph isomorphism from a simple graph G to a simple graph H is a bijection f:V(G)->V(H) such that ...

The Grassmann graph J_q(n,k) is defined such that the vertices are the k-dimensional subspaces of an n-dimensional finite field of order q and edges correspond to pairs of ...