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The isoperimetric quotient of a closed curve is defined as the ratio of the curve area to the area of a circle (A=pir_A^2) with same perimeter (p=2pir_p) as the curve, Q = ...

A matrix, also called a canonical box matrix, having zeros everywhere except along the diagonal and superdiagonal, with each element of the diagonal consisting of a single ...

The Jordan canonical form, also called the classical canonical form, of a special type of block matrix in which each block consists of Jordan blocks with possibly differing ...

An algorithm in control theory introduced by Kalman (1960) and refined by Kalman and Bucy (1961). It is an algorithm which makes optimal use of imprecise data on a linear (or ...

The thinnest sequence which contains 1, and whenever it contains x, also contains 2x, 3x+2, and 6x+3: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, ... (OEIS A005658).

The mathematical study of knots. Knot theory considers questions such as the following: 1. Given a tangled loop of string, is it really knotted or can it, with enough ...

The approximation for pi given by pi approx sqrt((40)/3-2sqrt(3)) (1) = 1/3sqrt(120-18sqrt(3)) (2) = 3.141533.... (3) In the above figure, let OA=OF=1, and construct the ...

For every positive integer n, there exists a sphere which has exactly n lattice points on its surface. The sphere is given by the equation ...

The ordinary differential equation (1) (Byerly 1959, p. 255). The solution is denoted E_m^p(x) and is known as an ellipsoidal harmonic of the first kind, or Lamé function. ...

In conical coordinates, Laplace's equation can be written ...