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The Pauli matrices, also called the Pauli spin matrices, are complex matrices that arise in Pauli's treatment of spin in quantum mechanics. They are defined by sigma_1 = ...

The Grassmannian Gr(n,k) is the set of k-dimensional subspaces in an n-dimensional vector space. For example, the set of lines Gr(n+1,1) is projective space. The real ...

A Hermitian inner product on a complex vector space V is a complex-valued bilinear form on V which is antilinear in the second slot, and is positive definite. That is, it ...

A path in a graph G is a subgraph of G that is a path graph (West 2000, p. 20). The length of a path is the number of edges it contains. In most contexts, a path must contain ...

The parameters alpha, beta, gamma, and delta which, like the three Euler angles, provide a way to uniquely characterize the orientation of a solid body. These parameters ...

A rotation group is a group in which the elements are orthogonal matrices with determinant 1. In the case of three-dimensional space, the rotation group is known as the ...

A left eigenvector is defined as a row vector X_L satisfying X_LA=lambda_LX_L. In many common applications, only right eigenvectors (and not left eigenvectors) need be ...

If two square n×n matrices A and B are simultaneously upper triangularizable by similarity transforms, then there is an ordering a_1, ..., a_n of the eigenvalues of A and ...

The eigenvalues lambda satisfying P(lambda)=0, where P(lambda) is the characteristic polynomial, lie in the unions of the disks |z|<=1 |z+b_1|<=sum_(j=1)^n|b_j|.

A right eigenvector is defined as a column vector X_R satisfying AX_R=lambda_RX_R. In many common applications, only right eigenvectors (and not left eigenvectors) need be ...