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An illusion named after the psychologist Joseph Jastrow. In the above figure, the left edges of the laminas A and B are colinear, creating an illusion of different size. ...

The Lommel polynomials R_(m,nu)(z) arise from the equation J_(m+nu)(z)=J_nu(z)R_(m,nu)(z)-J_(nu-1)(z)R_(m-1,nu+1)(z), (1) where J_nu(z) is a Bessel function of the first kind ...

If p>1, then Minkowski's integral inequality states that Similarly, if p>1 and a_k, b_k>0, then Minkowski's sum inequality states that [sum_(k=1)^n|a_k+b_k|^p]^(1/p) ...

A set in which no element divides the sum of any nonempty subset of the other elements. For example, {2,3,5} is dividing, since 2|(3+5) (and 5|(2+3)), but {4,6,7} is ...

The pathwidth of a graph G, also called the interval thickness, vertex separation number, and node searching number, is one less than the size of the largest set in a path ...

The pentagonal orthocupolarotunda is a convex equilateral solid that is Johnson solid J_(32). The unit pentagonal orthocupolarotunda has volume V=1/3(5+4sqrt(5)) (1) and Dehn ...

The index of a permutation p is defined as the sum of all subscripts j such that p_j>p_(j+1), for 1<=j<=n. MacMahon (1960) proved that the number of permutations of size n ...

An auxiliary latitude which gives a sphere having correct distances along the meridians. It is denoted mu (or omega) and is given by mu=(piM)/(2M_p). (1) M_p is evaluated for ...

A set S of integers is said to be recursive if there is a total recursive function f(x) such that f(x)=1 for x in S and f(x)=0 for x not in S. Any recursive set is also ...

In statistics, sampling is the selection and implementation of statistical observations in order to estimate properties of an underlying population. Sampling is a vital part ...