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The term "isomorphic" means "having the same form" and is used in many branches of mathematics to identify mathematical objects which have the same structural properties. ...

A method of matrix diagonalization using Jacobi rotation matrices P_(pq). It consists of a sequence of orthogonal similarity transformations of the form ...

A Kapteyn series is a series of the form sum_(n=0)^inftyalpha_nJ_(nu+n)[(nu+n)z], (1) where J_n(z) is a Bessel function of the first kind. Examples include Kapteyn's original ...

The commutator series of a Lie algebra g, sometimes called the derived series, is the sequence of subalgebras recursively defined by g^(k+1)=[g^k,g^k], (1) with g^0=g. The ...

The lower central series of a Lie algebra g is the sequence of subalgebras recursively defined by g_(k+1)=[g,g_k], (1) with g_0=g. The sequence of subspaces is always ...

The distance between two skew lines with equations x = x_1+(x_2-x_1)s (1) x = x_3+(x_4-x_3)t (2) is given by D=(|(x_3-x_1)·[(x_2-x_1)x(x_4-x_3)]|)/(|(x_2-x_1)x(x_4-x_3)|) (3) ...

For any algebraic number x of degree n>2, a rational approximation p/q to x must satisfy |x-p/q|>1/(q^n) for sufficiently large q. Writing r=n leads to the definition of the ...

A function f:X->R is measurable if, for every real number a, the set {x in X:f(x)>a} is measurable. When X=R with Lebesgue measure, or more generally any Borel measure, then ...

Module multiplicity is a number associated with every nonzero finitely generated graded module M over a graded ring R for which the Hilbert series is defined. If dim(M)=d, ...

Let a in C and |a|<1, then phi_a(z)=(z-a)/(1-a^_z) is a Möbius transformation, where a^_ is the complex conjugate of a. phi_a is a conformal mapping self-map of the unit disk ...