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The word quadrature has (at least) three incompatible meanings. Integration by quadrature either means solving an integral analytically (i.e., symbolically in terms of known ...

The difference between the measured or inferred value of a quantity x_0 and its actual value x, given by Deltax=x_0-x (sometimes with the absolute value taken) is called the ...

Inference of the truth of an unknown result obtained by noting its similarity to a result already known to be true. In the hands of a skilled mathematician, analogy can be a ...

An azimuthal projection which is neither equal-area nor conformal. Let phi_1 and lambda_0 be the latitude and longitude of the center of the projection, then the ...

Ballantine's series is the series for pi given by pi=864sum_(n=0)^infty((n!)^24^n)/((2n+1)!325^(n+1)) +1824sum_(n=0)^infty((n!)^24^n)/((2n+1)!3250^(n+1))-20cot^(-1)239 ...

Let the nth composition of a function f(x) be denoted f^((n))(x), such that f^((0))(x)=x and f^((1))(x)=f(x). Denote the composition of f and g by f degreesg(x)=f(g(x)), and ...

A map projection defined by x = sin^(-1)[cosphisin(lambda-lambda_0)] (1) y = tan^(-1)[(tanphi)/(cos(lambda-lambda_0))]. (2) The inverse formulas are phi = sin^(-1)(sinDcosx) ...

Special cases of general formulas due to Bessel. J_0(sqrt(z^2-y^2))=1/piint_0^pie^(ycostheta)cos(zsintheta)dtheta, where J_0(z) is a Bessel function of the first kind. Now, ...

A map projection with transformation equations x = rhosintheta (1) y = rho_0-rhocostheta, (2) where rho = (G-phi) (3) theta = n(lambda-lambda_0) (4) rho_0 = (G-phi_0) (5) G = ...

Functions which can be expressed in terms of Legendre functions of the first and second kinds. See Abramowitz and Stegun (1972, p. 337). P_(-1/2+ip)(costheta) = (1) = ...