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Given a Lyapunov characteristic exponent sigma_i, the corresponding Lyapunov characteristic number lambda_i is defined as lambda_i=e^(sigma_i). (1) For an n-dimensional ...

A robust estimation based on maximum likelihood arguments.

The winding number W(theta) of a map f(theta) with initial value theta is defined by W(theta)=lim_(n->infty)(f^n(theta)-theta)/n, which represents the average increase in the ...

The eigenvalues of a matrix A are called its spectrum, and are denoted lambda(A). If lambda(A)={lambda_1,...,lambda_n}, then the determinant of A is given by ...

P_n(cosalpha)=(sqrt(2))/piint_0^alpha(cos[(n+1/2)phi])/(sqrt(cosphi-cosalpha))dphi, where P_n(x) is a Legendre polynomial.

Given a metric g_(alphabeta), the discriminant is defined by g = det(g_(alphabeta)) (1) = |g_(11) g_(12); g_(21) g_(22)| (2) = g_(11)g_(22)-(g_(12))^2. (3) Let g be the ...

Pathological functions that are continuous but differentiable only on a set of points of measure zero are sometimes known as monsters of real analysis. Examples include the ...

The second-order ordinary differential equation y^('')+[alpha/(cosh^2(ax))+betatanh(ax)+gamma]y=0.

Let S be the set of all possibilities that satisfy hypothesis H, and let S^' be the set of all possibilities that satisfy hypothesis H^'. Then H^' is a nested hypothesis ...

A group or other algebraic object is called non-Abelian if the law of commutativity does not always hold, i.e., if the object is not Abelian. For example, the group of ...