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Let theta(t) be the Riemann-Siegel function. The unique value g_n such that theta(g_n)=pin (1) where n=0, 1, ... is then known as a Gram point (Edwards 2001, pp. 125-126). An ...

The Gram series is an approximation to the prime counting function given by G(x)=1+sum_(k=1)^infty((lnx)^k)/(kk!zeta(k+1)), (1) where zeta(z) is the Riemann zeta function ...

A grammar defining formal language L is a quadruple (N,T,R,S), where N is a finite set of nonterminals, T is a finite set of terminal symbols, R is a finite set of ...

A bridge of a connected graph is a graph edge whose removal disconnects the graph (Chartrand 1985, p. 45; Skiena 1990, p. 177). More generally, a bridge is an edge of a ...

The center of a graph G is the set of vertices of graph eccentricity equal to the graph radius (i.e., the set of central points). In the above illustration, center nodes are ...

The graph diameter of a graph is the length max_(u,v)d(u,v) of the "longest shortest path" (i.e., the longest graph geodesic) between any two graph vertices (u,v), where ...

For an undirected graph, an unordered pair of nodes that specify a line joining these two nodes are said to form an edge. For a directed graph, the edge is an ordered pair of ...

Let a tree S be a subgraph of a cubic graph G. The graph excision G circleminus S is the graph resulting from removing the tree, then merging the edges. For example, if in ...

A shortest path between two graph vertices (u,v) of a graph (Skiena 1990, p. 225). There may be more than one different shortest paths, all of the same length. Graph ...

Chvátal defines the term hole to mean "a chordless cycle of length at least four." The restriction "of length at least four" allows use of the term "hole" regardless of if ...