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The term "gradient" has several meanings in mathematics. The simplest is as a synonym for slope. The more general gradient, called simply "the" gradient in vector analysis, ...

A two-dimensional generalization of the Haar transform which is used for the compression of astronomical images. The algorithm consists of dividing the 2^N×2^N image into ...

A regular two-dimensional arrangement of squares separated by vertical and horizontal "canals." Looking at the grid produces the illusion of gray spots in the white area ...

Home plate in the game of baseball is an irregular pentagon with two parallel sides, each perpendicular to a base. It seems reasonable to dub such a figure (i.e., a rectangle ...

The term isocline derives from the Greek words for "same slope." For a first-order ordinary differential equation y^'=f(t,y) is, a curve with equation f(t,y)=C for some ...

The Fredholm integral equation of the second kind f(x)=1+1/piint_(-1)^1(f(t))/((x-t)^2+1)dt that arises in electrostatics (Love 1949, Fox and Goodwin 1953, and Abbott 2002).

The direct sum of modules A and B is the module A direct sum B={a direct sum b|a in A,b in B}, (1) where all algebraic operations are defined componentwise. In particular, ...

The tensor product between modules A and B is a more general notion than the vector space tensor product. In this case, we replace "scalars" by a ring R. The familiar ...

"Much greater" is used to indicate a strong inequality in which a is not only greater than b, but much greater (by some convention), is denoted a>>b. For an astronomer, ...

Two lines, vectors, planes, etc., are said to be perpendicular if they meet at a right angle. In R^n, two vectors a and b are perpendicular if their dot product a·b=0. (1) In ...