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A function H that maps an arbitrary length message M to a fixed length message digest MD is a collision-free hash function if 1. It is a one-way hash function. 2. It is hard ...

A nonnegative measurable function f is called Lebesgue integrable if its Lebesgue integral intfdmu is finite. An arbitrary measurable function is integrable if f^+ and f^- ...

Given a random variable X with continuous and strictly monotonic probability density function f(X), a quantile function Q_f assigns to each probability p attained by f the ...

_2F_1(a,b;c;z)=int_0^1(t^(b-1)(1-t)^(c-b-1))/((1-tz)^a)dt, (1) where _2F_1(a,b;c;z) is a hypergeometric function. The solution can be written using the Euler's ...

An angle theta drawn on the coordinate plane is said to be in standard position if its initial side lies on the positive x-axis so that its vertex coincides with the origin ...

Also known as araneidan, this curve owes its name to its spider-like shape. It is given by the polar equation r=a(sin(ntheta))/(sin[(n-1)theta]), where a>0 and n>2 is an ...

The Lehmer-Mahler is the following integral representation for the Legendre polynomial P_n(x): P_n(costheta) = 1/piint_0^pi(costheta+isinthetacosphi)^ndphi (1) = ...

There are several theorems known as the "sandwich theorem." In calculus, the squeeze theorem is also sometimes known as the sandwich theorem. In graph theory, the sandwich ...

Let alpha(G) denote the independence number of a graph G. Then the Shannon capacity Theta(G), sometimes also denoted c(G), of G is defined as ...

A sliver of the surface of a sphere of radius r cut out by two planes through the azimuthal axis with dihedral angle theta. The surface area of the lune is S=2r^2theta, which ...