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Any lemma on commutative diagrams. It can give relations between maps (as in the five lemma) or tell how to construct new diagrams from old ones (as in the snake lemma).

The term diamond is another word for a rhombus. The term is also used to denote a square tilted at a 45 degrees angle. The diamond shape is a special case of the superellipse ...

Consider the process of taking a number, taking its digit sum, then adding the digits of numbers derived from it, etc., until the remaining number has only one digit. The ...

The dihedral angle is the angle theta between two planes. The dihedral angle between the planes a_1x+b_1y+c_1z+d_1 = 0 (1) a_2x+b_2y+c_2z+d_2 = 0 (2) which have normal ...

A similarity transformation which transforms each line to a parallel line whose length is a fixed multiple of the length of the original line. The simplest dilation is ...

The partial order width of a set P is equal to the minimum number of chains needed to cover P. Equivalently, if a set P of ab+1 elements is partially ordered, then P contains ...

Given any assignment of n-element sets to the n^2 locations of a square n×n array, is it always possible to find a partial Latin square? The fact that such a partial Latin ...

A.k.a. the pigeonhole principle. Given n boxes and m>n objects, at least one box must contain more than one object. This statement has important applications in number theory ...

A discrete group is a topological group with the discrete topology. Often in practice, discrete groups arise as discrete subgroups of continuous Lie groups acting on a ...

The disjoint union of two sets A and B is a binary operator that combines all distinct elements of a pair of given sets, while retaining the original set membership as a ...