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A set which contains a nonnegative integral number of elements is said to be finite. A set which is not finite is said to be infinite. A finite or countably infinite set is ...

A graph with a finite number of nodes and edges. If it has n nodes and has no multiple edges or graph loops (i.e., it is simple), it is a subgraph of the complete graph K_n. ...

In the most commonly used convention (e.g., Apostol 1967, pp. 202-204), the first fundamental theorem of calculus, also termed "the fundamental theorem, part I" (e.g., Sisson ...

A robust nonparametric test which is an alternative to the paired t-test. This test makes the basic assumption that there is information only in the signs of the differences ...

Fisher's exact test is a statistical test used to determine if there are nonrandom associations between two categorical variables. Let there exist two such variables X and Y, ...

A flexagon-like structure created by connecting the ends of a strip of four squares after folding along 45 degrees diagonals. Using a number of folding movements, it is ...

The term folium means "leaf" in Latin and refers and refers to a plane curve having "leaf-shaped" rounded lobes. There are a number of different sorts of folia, including ...

The term "fractal dimension" is sometimes used to refer to what is more commonly called the capacity dimension of a fractal (which is, roughly speaking, the exponent D in the ...

Let I(G) denote the set of all independent sets of vertices of a graph G, and let I(G,u) denote the independent sets of G that contain the vertex u. A fractional coloring of ...

A fractional ideal is a generalization of an ideal in a ring R. Instead, a fractional ideal is contained in the number field F, but has the property that there is an element ...