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Consider (1) If the probability distribution is governed by a Markov process, then P_3(y_1,t_1;y_2,t_2|y_3,t_3) = P_2(y_2,t_2|y_3,t_3) (2) = P_2(y_2|y_3,t_3-t_2). (3) ...

In Season 4 episode "Black Swan" of the television crime drama NUMB3RS, the character Amita Ramanujan refers to universality classes when studying a map of the Los Angeles ...

The Delta-variation is a variation in which the varied path over which an integral is evaluated may end at different times than the correct path, and there may be variation ...

A number is said to be simply normal to base b if its base-b expansion has each digit appearing with average frequency tending to b^(-1). A normal number is an irrational ...

Find the tunnel between two points A and B on a gravitating sphere which gives the shortest transit time under the force of gravity. Assume the sphere to be nonrotating, of ...

An algorithm for finding integer relations whose running time is bounded by a polynomial in the number of real variables (Ferguson and Bailey 1992). Unfortunately, it is ...

If a continuous function defined on an interval is sometimes positive and sometimes negative, it must be 0 at some point. Bolzano (1817) proved the theorem (which effectively ...

The symbol intersection , used for the intersection of sets, and sometimes also for the logical connective AND instead of the symbol ^ (wedge). In fact, for any two sets A ...

Cauchy conditions are initial conditions (time conditions) rather than boundary conditions (space conditions). An initial-value problem is often termed a Cauchy problem. ...

A two-person game where each of the players can take as long as he likes to prepare his move, but the other can take advantage of his hesitation. In this conflict situation, ...