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Let X be an arbitrary topological space. Denote the set closure of a subset A of X by A^- and the complement of A by A^'. Then at most 14 different sets can be derived from A ...

The plots above show the values of the function obtained by taking the natural logarithm of the gamma function, lnGamma(z). Note that this introduces complicated branch cut ...

Given the Mertens function defined by M(n)=sum_(k=1)^nmu(k), (1) where mu(n) is the Möbius function, Stieltjes claimed in an 1885 letter to Hermite that M(x)x^(-1/2) stays ...

The natural logarithm of 2 is a transcendental quantity that arises often in decay problems, especially when half-lives are being converted to decay constants. ln2 has ...

Numerical integration is the approximate computation of an integral using numerical techniques. The numerical computation of an integral is sometimes called quadrature. ...

The constant pi, denoted pi, is a real number defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference C to its diameter d=2r, pi = C/d (1) = C/(2r) (2) pi has decimal expansion ...

The biconjugate gradient method often displays rather irregular convergence behavior. Moreover, the implicit LU decomposition of the reduced tridiagonal system may not exist, ...

Pre-Algebra

The constant e is base of the natural logarithm. e is sometimes known as Napier's constant, although its symbol (e) honors Euler. e is the unique number with the property ...

"Chaos" is a tricky thing to define. In fact, it is much easier to list properties that a system described as "chaotic" has rather than to give a precise definition of chaos. ...