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The polar angle on a sphere measured from the north pole instead of the equator. The angle phi in spherical coordinates is the colatitude. It is related to the latitude delta ...

The azimuthal coordinate on the surface of a sphere (theta in spherical coordinates) or on a spheroid (in prolate or oblate spheroidal coordinates). Longitude is defined such ...

A line of constant longitude on a spheroid (or sphere). More generally, a meridian of a surface of revolution is the intersection of the surface with a plane containing the ...

A convex body in Euclidean space that is centrally symmetric with center at the origin is determined among all such bodies by its brightness function (the volume of each ...

A knot diagram which has alternating under- and overcrossings as the knot projection is traversed. The first knot which does not have an alternating diagram has 8 crossings.

The real projective plane with elliptic metric where the distance between two points P and Q is defined as the radian angle between the projection of the points on the ...

A topology arising from a sheaf of continuous functions. It derives a natural topology from the projection operator. Etale spaces are examples of space that are not T2.

The least number of crossings that occur in any projection of a link. In general, it is difficult to find the crossing number of a given link. Knots and links are generally ...

The span of an unoriented link diagram (also called the link spread) is the difference between the highest and lowest degrees of its bracket polynomial. The span is a ...

A plane coordinate system whose axes are not perpendicular. The x-coordinate of a point P is the abscissa of its projection onto the x-axis in the direction of the y-axis, ...