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where del is the backward difference.

Let a triangle have side lengths a, b, and c with opposite angles A, B, and C. Then (b+c)/a = (cos[1/2(B-C)])/(sin(1/2A)) (1) (c+a)/b = (cos[1/2(C-A)])/(sin(1/2B)) (2) ...

The homeomorphic image of a so-called "complete separable" metric space. The continuous image of a Polish space is called a Souslin set.

A real matrix is a matrix whose elements consist entirely of real numbers. The set of m×n real matrices is sometimes denoted R^(m×n) (Zwillinger 1995, p. 116).

The reciprocal differences are closely related to the divided difference. The first few are explicitly given by rho(x_0,x_1)=(x_0-x_1)/(f_0-f_1) (1) ...

Let u^_ denote the mean of a set of quantities u_i, then the relative deviation is defined by (Deltau_i)/(u^_)=(|u_i-u^_|)/(u^_).

The signed deviation is defined by Deltau_i=(u_i-u^_), so the average deviation is Deltau^_=u_i-u^_^_=u_i^_-u^_=0.

A test for determining the probability that a given result could not have occurred by chance (its significance).

A curve similar to the sine function but possibly shifted in phase, period, amplitude, or any combination thereof. The general sinusoid of amplitude a, angular frequency ...

A closed geometric figure on the surface of a sphere which is formed by the arcs of great circles. The spherical polygon is a generalization of the spherical triangle. If ...