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Let H_n denote the nth hexagonal number and S_m the mth square number, then a number which is both hexagonal and square satisfies the equation H_n=S_m, or n(2n-1)=m^2. (1) ...

A number which is simultaneously octagonal and square. Let O_n denote the nth octagonal number and S_m the mth square number, then a number which is both octagonal and square ...

A number which is simultaneously a pentagonal number P_n and a square number S_m. Such numbers exist when 1/2n(3n-1)=m^2. (1) Completing the square gives ...

A sparse polynomial square is a square of a polynomial [P(x)]^2 that has fewer terms than the original polynomial P(x). Examples include Rényi's polynomial (1) (Rényi 1947, ...

A 4×4 magic square in which the elements in each 2×2 corner have the same sum. Dürer's magic square, illustrated above, is an example of a gnomon magic square since the sums ...

Johnson solid J_4. The bottom eight polyhedron vertices are (+/-1/2(1+sqrt(2)),+/-1/2,0),(+/-1/2,+/-1/2(1+sqrt(2)),0), and the top four polyhedron vertices are ...

A centered polygonal number consisting of a central dot with four dots around it, and then additional dots in the gaps between adjacent dots. The general term is n^2+(n+1)^2, ...

A number which is simultaneously a heptagonal number H_n and square number S_m. Such numbers exist when 1/2n(5n-3)=m^2. (1) Completing the square and rearranging gives ...

The successive square method is an algorithm to compute a^b in a finite field GF(p). The first step is to decompose b in successive powers of two, b=sum_(i)delta_i2^i, (1) ...

The square-triangle theorem states that any nonnegative integer can be represented as the sum of a square, an even square, and a triangular number (Sun 2005), i.e., ...