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The path graph P_n is a tree with two nodes of vertex degree 1, and the other n-2 nodes of vertex degree 2. A path graph is therefore a graph that can be drawn so that all of ...

A polygon can be defined (as illustrated above) as a geometric object "consisting of a number of points (called vertices) and an equal number of line segments (called sides), ...

The quaternions are members of a noncommutative division algebra first invented by William Rowan Hamilton. The idea for quaternions occurred to him while he was walking along ...

The 13 Archimedean solids are the convex polyhedra that have a similar arrangement of nonintersecting regular convex polygons of two or more different types arranged in the ...

A Pythagorean triple is a triple of positive integers a, b, and c such that a right triangle exists with legs a,b and hypotenuse c. By the Pythagorean theorem, this is ...

An initial point that provides safe convergence of Newton's method (Smale 1981; Petković et al. 1997, p. 1).

A procedure for finding the quadratic factors for the complex conjugate roots of a polynomial P(x) with real coefficients. (1) Now write the original polynomial as ...

The apodization function A(x)=(1-(x^2)/(a^2))^2. Its full width at half maximum is sqrt(4-2sqrt(2))a. Its instrument function is ...

The apodization function A(x)=cos((pix)/(2a)). Its full width at half maximum is 4a/3. Its instrument function is I(k)=(4acos(2piak))/(pi(1-16a^2k^2)), which has a maximum of ...

An algorithm which isolates roots in the complex plane by generalizing one-dimensional bracketing.